Look at attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Look at attachment - Essay Example I believe that Data is a ‘human’ being, technically speaking. Some leading philosophers have specified the primary features of a human being—rational, self-aware, and able to feel and express emotions—and Data possesses all of these. ‘He’ can even form relationships and is aware of the rights that he has. It is also correct to say that reproducing many of these machines will form a ‘race’, because this population will possess the basic aspects of a human race. Data has the right to refuse to undergo dismantling and reproduction. He is a free being, which implies that he has the right to decide for himself and his fate. He has what is called ‘free will’ or the competence to decide for his own welfare and happiness. Granting Data his right to choose will absolutely create precedence for other androids that will seek or fight for the same rights in the future. This movie is definitely metaphysical, for it discusses the notion of ‘being’. The concept of ‘being’ has long been a major problem of philosophy. It inflamed a number of remarkable philosophical debates. I think we should learn from the movie the ability to understand things that are not ‘human’, in the traditional sense of the concept. There are times that we should abandon our traditional knowledge or predetermined consciousness in order to go beyond the ‘reality’ that is in fact has been programmed for us. The JAG officer, I believe, therefore, is correct to grant Data the legal right to

Adam Smith vs. Samuel Smiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adam Smith vs. Samuel Smiles - Essay Example According to Smith, this entailed a non-interference or hands-off approach by authorities/governments towards private enterprise. His postulates were geared towards advocacy for the establishment of a laissez faire trade policy both on the local and international scene. Samuel Smiles is another free thinker whose postulates on the economic wellbeing of the society heavily echoed Smith’s postulates almost a century later. Smile’s notion was based on the need for enhanced self-actualization and development, which would ultimately lead to a more vibrant individual and societal economic prosperity. Adam Smith was focused more on self-interest and Smiles focused more on morality. This paper seeks to highlight both authors’ arguments with relation to economic liberalism before and during the industrial revolution, and how their focus influenced their works. Economic liberalism can also be regarded as fiscal liberalism because it entails the freeing up or giving a free reign to all matters pertaining to financial activities both at the individual and societal level (Perry, Peden & Von Laue, 2006). The basic aim of economic liberalization is to eliminate the involvement of organizations and institutions in making economic decisions that affect people’s economies.... He attributes the age’s productive powers and increase of quantity of work to three aspects or circumstances. He argues that division of labor enhanced every worker’s ingenuity, it saved time and the great number of machines that facilitated and abridged labor, enabling man to do the work of many (Perry, Peden & Von Laue, 2006). Division of labor also enhanced what Samuel Smiles attributes to failure of society because division of labor encouraged selfishness and individualism. These attributes according to Smiles did not do much in terms of developing societal economies, but encouraged in its stead a culture that bred social vices. These vices negatively impacted on the economic development of communities and nations. Individualism and the self-centered approach towards economic liberalization that Smith advocated for during his time did not help a lot in terms of improving the wellbeing of society. Samuel smiles on the hand, lauds division of labor as a great benefact or to the development and realization of capitalistic ethics. Smiles postulates that true growth in an individual and society in general is only possible through the spirit of genuine self help at a personal level. According to Smiles, no amount of intervention from institutions and legislation can contribute to individual advancement if the individual is not willing. Too much guidance and direction from government policy only leads an individual to exist in a helpless state (Perry, Peden & Von Laue, 2006). This is because they get used to the situation where everything is done for them, and they have no control of their decision-making in life. The prosperity of a nation is dependent upon the sum of individual uprightness, industry and energy just like national

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Applications

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Applications I. Introduction Artificial intelligence  (AI) is the  intelligence  of machines and the branch of  computer science  that aims to create it. Textbooks define the field as the study and design of  intelligent agents,[1]  where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2]  John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,[3]  defines it as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence-the  sapience  of  Homo sapiens-can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.  This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the  mind  and limits of scientific  hubris, issues which have been addressed by  myth,  fiction  and  philosophy  since antiquity.[6]  Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism,[7]but has also suffered setbacks[8]  and, today, has become an e ssential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science. AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[10]  Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[11]  General intelligence (or strong AI) is still a long-term goal of (some) research. AI plays a major role in the field of robotics. The word  robot  can refer to both physical robots and  virtual  software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as  bots.[3]  There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots, but there is general agreement among experts and the public that robots tend to do some or all of the following: move around, operate a mechanical limb, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent behaviour, especially behaviour which mimics humans or other animals. There is conflict about whether the term can be applied to remotely operated devices, as the most common usage implies, or solely to devices which are controlled by their software without human intervention. In  South Africa,  robot  is an informal and commonly used term for a set of traffic lights. It is difficult to compare numbers of robots in different countries, since there are different definitions of what a robot is. The  International Organization for Standardization  gives a definition of robot in  ISO 8373: an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.[5]  This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics, the  European Robotics Research Network  (EURON), and many national standards committees. The Robotics Institute of America (RIA) uses a broader definition: a robot is a re-programmable multi-functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.[7]  The RIA subdivides robots into four classes: devices that manipulate objects with manual control, automated devices that manipulate objects with predetermined cycles, programmable and servo-controlled robots with continuous point-to-point trajectories, a nd robots of this last type which also acquire information from the environment and move intelligently in response. There is no one definition of robot which satisfies everyone, and many people have their own.[8]  For example,  Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked: I cant define a robot, but I know one when I see one.[9]  According to  Encyclopaedia Britannica, a robot is any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner.[10]  Merriam-Webster  describes a robot as a machine that looks like a human being and performs various complex acts (as walking or talking) of a human being, or a device that automatically performs complicated often repetitive tasks, or a mechanism guided by automatic controls. Modern robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as on  assembly lines  because they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this, most humans rarely encounter robots. However,  domestic robots  for cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around homes in developed countries, particularly in  Japan. Robots can also be found in the  military. II. HISTORY Mechanical or  formal reasoning  has been developed by philosophers and mathematicians since antiquity. The study of logic led directly to the invention of the  programmable digital electronic computer, based on the work of  mathematician  Alan Turing  and others. Turings  theory of computation  suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as 0 and 1, could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction.[23]  This, along with recent discoveries in  neurology,  information theory  and  cybernetics, inspired a small group of researchers to begin to seriously consider the possibility of building an electronic brain.[24] The field of AI research was founded at  a conference  on the campus of  Dartmouth College  in the summer of 1956.[25]  The attendees, including John McCarthy,  Marvin Minsky,  Allen Newell  and  Herbert Simon, became the leaders of AI research for many decades.[26]  They and their students wrote programs that were, to most people, simply astonishing:[27]  computers were solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.[28]  By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the  Department of Defense[29]  and laboratories had been established around the world.[30]  AIs founders were profoundly optimistic about the future of the new field:  Herbert Simon predicted that machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do[31]  and  Marvin Minsky   agreed, writing that within a generation the problem of creating artificial intelligence will substantially be solved.[32] In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial success of  expert systems,[35]  a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the same time, Japans  fifth generation computer  project inspired the U.S and British governments to restore funding for academic research in the field.[36] Stories of artificial helpers and companions and attempts to create them have a long history but fully autonomous  machines only appeared in the 20th century. The first  digitally  operated and programmable robot, the  Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Today, commercial and  industrial robots  are in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty, dangerous or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, and mass production of consumer and industrial goods.[4] The word  robot  was introduced to the public by Czech  writer  Karel ÄÅ'apek in his play  R.U.R. (Rossums Universal Robots), published in  1920.[16]  The play begins in a  factory  that makes artifici al people called  robots, but they are closer to the modern ideas of  androids, creatures who can be mistaken for humans. They can plainly think for themselves, though they seem happy to serve. At issue is whether the  robots  are being  exploited  and the consequences of their treatment. However, Karel ÄÅ'apek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to anetymology  in the  Oxford English Dictionary  in which he named his brother, the painter and writer Josef ÄÅ'apek, as its actual originator.[16]  In an article in the Czech journal  Lidovà © noviny  in 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatures  laboÃ…â„ ¢i  (from  Latin  labor, work). However, he did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested roboti. III. FIELDS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE A. Combinatorial Search Many problems in AI can be solved in theory by intelligently searching through many possible solutions:[96]  Reasoning  can be reduced to performing a search. For example, logical proof can be viewed as searching for a path that leads from  premises to   conclusions, where each step is the application of an  inference rule.[97]  Planning  algorithms search through trees of goals and sub goals, attempting to find a path to a target goal, a process called  means-ends analysis.[98]  Robotics  algorithms for moving limbs and grasping objects use  local searches  in configuration space.[67]  Many  learning  algorithms use search algorithms based on  optimization. Simple exhaustive searches[99]  are rarely sufficient for most real world problems: the  search space  (the number of places to search) quickly grows to  astronomical  numbers. The result is a search that is  too slow  or never completes. The solution, for many problems, is to use heu ristics or rules of thumb that eliminate choices that are unlikely to lead to the goal (called pruning  the  search tree).  Heuristics  supply the program with a best guess for what path the solution lies on.[100]A very different kind of search came to prominence in the 1990s, based on the mathematical theory of  optimization. For many problems, it is possible to begin the search with some form of a guess and then refine the guess incrementally until no more refinements can be made. These algorithms can be visualized as blind  hill climbing: we begin the search at a random point on the landscape, and then, by jumps or steps, we keep moving our guess uphill, until we reach the top. Other optimization algorithms are  simulated annealing,  beam search  and  random optimization.[101] Evolutionary computation  uses a form of optimization search. For example, they may begin with a population of organisms (the guesses) and then allow them to mutate and recombine,  selecting  only the fittest to survive each generation (refining the guesses). Forms of  evolutionary computation  include  swarm intelligence  algorithms (such as  ant colony  or  particle swarm optimization) and  evolutionary algorithms B. Neural Network A neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of  neurons  in the  human brain. The study of  artificial neural networks[127]  began in the decade before the field AI research was founded, in the work of  Walter Pitts  and  Warren McCullough. Other important early researchers were  Frank Rosenblatt, who invented the  perception  and  Paulwerbos who developed the  back propagation  algorithm.[134]The main categories of networks are acyclic or  feed forward neural networks  (where the signal passes in only one direction) and  recurrent neural networks  (which allow feedback). Among the most popular feed forward networks are  perceptions,  multi-layer perceptions  and  radial basis networks.[135]  Among recurrent networks, the most famous is the  Hopfield net, a form of attractor network, which was first described by  John Hopfield  in 1982.  Neural networks can be applied to the problem of  intelli gent control(for robotics) or  learning, using such techniques as  Hebbian learning  and  competitive learning.[137]Jeff Hawkins  argues that research in neural networks has stalled because it has failed to model the essential properties of the  neocortex, and has suggested a model (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) that is based on neurological research. C. Approaches There is no established unifying theory or  paradigm  that guides AI research. Researchers disagree about many issues.[76]  A few of the most long standing questions that have remained unanswered are these: should artificial intelligence simulate natural intelligence, by studying psychology  or  neurology? Or is human biology as irrelevant to AI research as bird biology is to  aeronautical engineering?  Can intelligent behavior be described using simple, elegant principles (such as  logic  or  optimization)? Or does it necessarily require solving a large number of completely unrelated problems?[78]  Can intelligence be reproduced using high-level symbols, similar to words and ideas? Or does it require sub-symbolic processing?[79] D. General Intelligence Main articles:  Strong AI  and  AI-complete Most researchers hope that their work will eventually be incorporated into a machine with  general Intelligence (known as  strong AI),combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at most or all of them.[12]  A few believe that  anthropomorphic  features like  artificial consciousness  or an artificial brain  may be required for such a project.[74]  Eliezer Yudkowsky  has argued for the importance of  friendly artificial intelligence, to mitigate the risks of an uncontrolled intelligence explosion. The Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence  is dedicated to creating such an AI. Many of the problems above are considered  AI-complete: to solve one problem, you must solve them all. For example, even a straightforward, specific task like  machine translation  requires that the machine follow the authors argument (reason), know what is being talked about (knowledge), and faithfully re produce the authors intention (social intelligence).  Machine translation, therefore, is believed to be AI-complete: it may require  strong AI  to be done as well as humans can do it.[75] E. Planning Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.[56]  They need a way to visualize the future (they must have a representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions about how their actions will change it) and be able to make choices that maximize the utility  (or value) of the available choices.[57]In classical planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only thing acting on the world and it can be certain what the consequences of its actions may be.[58]  However, if this is not true, it must periodically check if the world matches its predictions and it must change its plan as this becomes necessary, requiring the agent to reason under uncertainty.[59]Multi-agent planning  uses the  cooperation  and  competition  of many agents to achieve a given goal.  Emergent behavior  such as this is used bye volutionary algorithms  and  swarm intelligence. F. Learning Machine learning  has been central to AI research from the beginning.[62]  Unsupervised learning  is the ability to find patterns in a stream of input.  Supervised learning  includes both  classification  and numerical   regression. Classification is used to determine what category something belongs in, after seeing a number of examples of things from several categories. Regression takes a set of numerical input/output examples and attempts to discover a continuous function that would generate the outputs from the inputs. In  reinforcement learning[63]  the agent is rewarded for good responses and punished for bad ones. These can be analyzed in terms of  decision theory, using concepts like  utility. The mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a branch of  theoretical computer science  known as computational learning theory G. Motion And Manipulation The field of  robotics[66]  is closely related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such tasks as object manipulation[67]  and  navigation, with sub-problems of  localization  (knowing where you are),  mapping  (learning what is around you) and  motion planning  (figuring out how to get there). H. Knowledge Representation Knowledge representation  and  knowledge engineering  are central to AI research. Many of the problems machines are expected to solve will require extensive knowledge about the world. Among the things that AI needs to represent are: objects, properties, categories and relations between objects;[45]  situations, events, states and time;[46]  causes and effects;[47]  knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know);  and many other, less well researched domains. A complete representation of what exists is an  ontology  (borrowing a word from traditional  philosophy), of which the most general are called  upper ontologies. I. Natural Language Processing Natural language processing[64]  gives machines the ability to read and understand the languages that humans speak. Many researchers hope that a sufficiently powerful natural language processing system would be able to acquire knowledge on its own, by reading the existing text available over the internet. Some straightforward applications of natural language processing include  information retrieval  (or  text mining) and  machine translation. IV. APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTS Robotics has been of interest to mankind for over one hundred years. However our perception of robots has been influenced by the media and Hollywood. One may ask what robotics is about? In my eyes, a robots characteristics change depending on the environment it operates in. Some of these are: A. Outer Space   Manipulative arms that are controlled by a human are used to unload the docking bay of space shuttles to launch satellites or to construct a space station B. The Intelligent Home   Automated systems can now monitor home security, environmental conditions and energy usage. Door and windows can be opened automatically and appliances such as lighting and air conditioning can be pre programmed to activate. This assists occupants irrespective of their state of mobility. C. Exploration   Robots can visit environments that are harmful to humans. An example is monitoring the environment inside a volcano or exploring our deepest oceans. NASA has used robotic probes for planetary exploration since the early sixties. D. Military Robots   Airborne robot drones are used for surveillance in todays modern army. In the future automated aircraft and vehicles could be used to carry fuel and ammunition or clear minefields E. Farms   Automated harvesters can cut and gather crops. Robotic dairies are available allowing operators to feed and milk their cows remotely. F. The Car Industry Robotic arms that are able to perform multiple tasks are used in the car manufacturing process. They perform tasks such as welding, cutting, lifting, sorting and bending. Similar applications but on a smaller scale are now being planned for the food processing industry in particular the trimming, cutting and processing of various meats such as fish, lamb, beef. G. Hospitals   Under development is a robotic suit that will enable nurses to lift patients without damaging their backs. Scientists in Japan have developed a power-assisted suit which will give nurses the extra muscle they need to lift their patients- and avoid back injuries. The suit was designed by Keijiro Yamamoto, a professor in the welfare-systems engineering department at Kanagawa Institute of Technology outside Tokyo. It will allow caregivers to easily lift bed-ridden patients on and off beds. In its current state the suit has an aluminium exoskeleton and a tangle of wires and compressed-air lines trailing from it. Its advantage lies in the huge impact it could have for nurses. In Japan, the population aged 14 and under has declined 7% over the past five years to 18.3 million this year. Providing care for a growing elderly generation poses a major challenge to the government. Robotics may be the solution. Research institutions and companies in Japan have been trying to create robotic nurses to substitute for humans. Yamamoto has taken another approach and has decided to create a device designed to help human nurses. In tests, a nurse weighing 64 kilograms was able to lift and carry a patient weighing 70 kilograms. The suit is attached to the wearers back with straps and belts. Sensors are placed on the wearers muscles to measure strength. These send the data back to a microcomputer, which calculates how much more power is needed to complete the lift effortlessly. The computer, in turn, powers a chain of actuators or inflatable cuffs that are attached to the suit and worn under the elbows, lower back and knees. As the wearer lifts a patient, compressed air is pushed into the cuffs, applying extra force to the arms, back and legs. The degree of air pressure is automatically adjusted according to how much the muscles are flexed. A distinct advantage of this system is that it assists the wearers knees, being only one of its kind to do so. A number of hurdles are still faced by Yamamoto. The suit is unwieldy, the wearer cant climb stairs and turning is awkward. The design weight of the suit should be less than 10 kilograms for comfortable use. The latest prototype weighs 15 kilograms. Making it lighter is technically possible by using smaller and lighter actuators. The prototype has cost less than  ¥1 million ($8,400) to develop. But earlier versions developed by Yamamoto over the past 10 years cost upwards of  ¥20 million in government development grants. H. Disaster Areas   Surveillance robots fitted with advanced sensing and imaging equipment can operate in hazardous environments such as urban setting damaged by earthquakes by scanning walls, floors and ceilings for structural integrity. I. Entertainment   Interactive robots that exhibit behaviours and learning ability. SONY has one such robot which moves freely, plays with a ball and can respond to verbal instructions. V. ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS A. Business Benefits Robots have the ability to consistently produce high-quality products and to precisely perform tasks. Since they never tire and can work nonstop without breaks, robots are able to produce more quality goods or execute commands quicker than their human counterparts B. Management Benefits Robot employees never call in sick, never waste time and rarely require preparation time before working. With robots, a manager never has to worry about high employee turnover or unfilled positions C. Employee Benefits Robots can do the work that no one else wants to do-the mundane, dangerous, and repetitive jobs. Common Misconception about Robots : Introducing robots into a work environment does not necessarily mean the elimination of jobs. With the addition of robots comes the need for highly-skilled, human workers. D. Consumer Benefits Robots produce high quality goods Since robots produce so many quality goods in a shorter amount of time than humans, we reap the benefits of cheaper goods. Since the products are produced more quickly, this significantly reduces the amount of time that we are forced to wait for products to come to the marketplace VI. SHORTCOMINGS Fears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films. A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots, motivated to take over or destroy the human race. (See  The Terminator,  Runaway,  Blade Runner,  Robocop,  the Replicators in  Stargate,  the Cylons in  Battlestar Galactica,  The Matrix,  THX-1138, and  I, Robot.) Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy; others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own software and hardware. Examples of popular media where the robot becomes evil are  2001: A Space Odyssey,  Red Planet, Another common theme is the reaction, sometimes called the uncanny valley, of unease and even revulsion at the sight of robots that mimic humans too closely.[99]  Frankenstein  (1818), often called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or monster advancing beyond its creator. In the TV show, Futurama, the robots are portrayed as humanoid figures that live alongside humans, not as robotic butlers. They still work in industry, but these robots carry out daily lives. Manuel De Landa  has noted that smart missiles and autonomous bombs equipped with artificial perception can be considered robots, and they make some of their decisions autonomously. He believes this represents an important and dangerous trend in which humans are handing over important decisions to machines.[100] Marauding robots may have entertainment value, but unsafe use of robots constitutes an actual danger. A heavy industrial robot with powerful actuators and unpredictably complex behavior can cause harm, for instance by stepping on a humans foot or falling on a human. Most industrial robots operate inside a security fence which separates them from human workers, but not all. Two robot-caused deaths are those of Robert Williams and  Kenji Urada. Robert Williams was struck by a robotic arm at a casting plant in  Flat Rock, Michigan  on January 25, 1979.[101]  37-year-old  Kenji Urada, a Japanese factory worker, was killed in 1981; Urada was performing routine maintenance on the robot, but neglected to shut it down properly, and was accidentally pushed into a  grinding machine. VII. CONCLUSIONS If the current developments are to be believed then the next wave of robots will have a supernatural resemblance with humans with the help of AI. The Indian automotive industry has finally awaken to the fact that robotics is not just about saving labour, but it also helps companies significantly to step up productivity and quality to meet the demands of international competition. Industrial robots can be involved in production industry because of its less time consumption, accuracy of work, and less labour. As globalization accelerates, robotics is increasingly vital to maintain the health of the industrial sector and keep manufacturing jobs at home. Now more than ever, the need to stay competitive is a driver for investing in robotics. Companies in all over the world are often faced with difficult choices: Do they send their manufacturing to low-cost producers overseas? Or, do they invest in robotics to continue making products here? We conclude that more companies are realizing tha t robotics is the better option.

Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

China - Two researchers say comprehensive new data shows that traditional family patterns in China, combined with tough population-control measures, have resulted in ``female infanticide on a grand scale'' -- close to 800,000 baby girls abandoned or killed in a single region between 1971-80 alone. G. William Skinner, an anthropologist and China specialist at the University of California-Davis, and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua based their conclusions on an analysis of 1990 Chinese census data. They presented their findings at the Association for Asian Studies' annual meeting last weekend in San Diego. While the phenomenon of disappearing girls isn't new, the paper by Yuan and Skinner is the first to show how location and family composition help determine infants' fate: The more rural a baby girl's surroundings, and the more sisters she had at birth, the higher her chances of not surviving. The researchers say most of the girls were abandoned or killed at birth. Chinese officials have long maintained that missing girls are adopted or raised on the sly, but Skinner said the data does not allow for concealment. Skinner and Yuan, who works for a semiofficial agency in Beijing that does population projections for the Chinese government, focused on a 1 percent census sample of China's lower Yangtze region. Located around the central metropolis of Shanghai, the area ranges from crowded coastal cities to surrounding rural communities, and had a population of 140 million in 199...

Language and Composition Prompts Essay

1981The Rattler†- analyze effect on reader – consider organization, point of view, language, detail. George Bernard Shaw letter – describe writer’s attitude toward mother & her cremation – diction and detailThomas Szasz – argue for or against his position on the struggle for definition. Use readings, study, or experience. 1982A reading on happiness – summarize his reasons for his opinion and explain why you agree or not with his opinion Analyze the strategies or devices (organization, diction, tone, detail) that make Gov. Stevenson’s Cat Veto argument effective. Describe a place, conveying feeling through concrete and specific detail. 1983A quote on change – Select a change for the better that has occurred or that you want to occur; analyze its desirable and undesirable effects Excerpt from Thomas Carlyle’s Past and Present – define Carlyle’s attitude toward work and analyze how he uses language to convince†¦. Agree or disagree with the position in the passage on living in an era of language inflation by considering the ethical and social consequences of language inflation. 1984Explain the nature and importance of two or three means by which you keep track of time and discuss how these means reveal your person. (Hint given about â€Å"inner clocks. †) Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Milton – two very short quotes on freedom – describe the concept of freedom in each; discuss the differences. A passage on a boxing match between Benny Paret, a Cuban, and Emile Griffith – Analyze how diction, syntax, imagery, and tome produce an effect on the reader. 1985Contrast stylistic and rhetorical differences between two passages on the Soviet Launch of the first space satellite Discuss the probable reasons for an anonymous writer’s additions and deletions and the ways in which those revisions change the effect of the paragraph. Two drafts that record the writer’s thoughts on how the experience of war affected his attitude toward language. Defend a position or one or more issues raised in the passage about the state of television in the United States. 1986Explain how two passages by N. Scott Momaday and Dee Brown, which describe similar landscapes, reveal the differences in the authors’ purposes. Consider diction, syntax, imagery, and tone. Choose one or more pairs of words from a list and discuss and elaborate on the distinctions between the paired words. Consider how, when, why, and by whom each word might be used. Evaluate the truth of the assertion in the quotation that human nature wants patterns, standards, and structures of behavior. 1987Agree or disagree with E. M. Forster’s view that personal relations are more important than causes or patriotism. Analyze how Zora Neale Hurston enriches our sense of her childhood world through her diction and manipulation of point of view. Describe some major features of the language used in one specific group – occupational, ethnic, social, or age, etc. Indicate the purpose these features serve or what influences they reflect. 1988Evaluate Alexis De Tocqueville’s assertions about democracy and aristocracy and his assertion that democracy â€Å"throws [man] back forever upon himself alone. † Analyze Frederick Douglass’ language, especially the figures of speech and syntax, to convey his states of mind upon escaping slavery and arriving in New York in 1838. Pretend to contribute to a magazine or newspaper; write an article describing a place you know well that might be of interest to readers. Define the significance, use descriptive detail to make attitude clear. 1989Argue for or against the validity of the implied criticism of a church bulletin [text given] reprinted without other comment in a magazine under the heading â€Å"The Religious Life. † Describe the rhetorical purpose of Martin Luther King’s Why We Can’t Wait. Analyze its stylistic, narrative, and persuasive devices. Missing 1990From an autobiography of a professional woman pilot in Africa, analyze how the author’s juxtaposition of ideas, choice of details, and other aspects of style reveal her personality. Analyze stylistic and rhetorical differences between two nineteenth century descriptions of the Galapagos IslandsVividly and concretely describe one person seen at two different times or in two different situations so readers understand the difference in your attitude, thus proving perceptions of people differ according to people’s attitudes and circumstances 1991Analyze the language and rhetorical devices Igor Stravinsky uses to convey his point of view about orchestra conductors. Analyze how Richard Rodriquez’s presentation of the events in the passage suggests his attitude toward his family and himself. Consider narrative structure, detail, manipulation of language, and tone. Write a persuasive essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies the assertion that â€Å"For in much wisdom is much grief, and increase of knowledge is increase of sorrow† (Ecclesiastes). 1992Analyze Queen Elizabeth I’s diction, imagery, and sentence structure to achieve her purpose in her speech to her troops at Tilbury, 1588. Using your observation, experience, or reading, defend, challenge, or qualify Joseph Addison’s assertion that men use ridicule to â€Å"laugh men out of virtue and good sense. †Considering the choice of the word â€Å"cripple† and other rhetorical features, such as tone, word choice, and rhetorical structure, analyze how Nancy Mairs, who has multiple sclerosis, presents herself. 1993Compare the rhetorical strategies – such as arguments, assumptions, attitudes, diction – used by characters from Jane Austen (1813) and Charles Dickens (1865). Comment on both intended and probable effects of the proposals on the women being addressedDefend, challenge, or qualify H. L. Mencken’s views about the artist’s relation to society. Refer to particular writers, composers, or other artists. Read the paragraph for E. M. Forster’s 1936 essay â€Å"My Wood. † Define E. M. Forster’s attitude toward the experience of owning property and analyze that attitude; consider Forster’s word choice, manipulation of sentences, and use of Biblical Allusions 1994From an excerpt of Sir George Savile’s essay about King Charles II (1630 – 1685), define the attitude Savile would like us to adopt about Charles II and analyze the rhetorical strategies employed to promote that attitude. Defend, challenge, or qualify Barbara Tuchman’s claim that â€Å"wooden- headedness plays a remarkably large role †¦ in human affairs. † Use evidence and/or your observations. (From The March of Folly)Characterize and analyze Joan Didion’s view of the Santa Ana winds. Consider her stylistic elements, such as diction, imagery, syntax, structure, tone, and selection of detail. 1995In 1860, John Ruskin argued for giving precedence to the soldier rather than to the merchant or manufacturer. Evaluate his argument. (Excerpt included)Analyze the rhetorical techniques Ellen Goodman uses to convey her attitude toward Phil, the subject of her piece, â€Å"The Company Man. †After reading his paragraph, defend, challenge, or qualify James Baldwin’s ideas about the importance of language as a â€Å"key to identity† and social acceptance. Use your observation, experience, or readings. 1996Read the passage from Lady Mary Wortley Montague’s letter to her daughter. Analyze how Lady Mary (1689 – 1762) uses rhetorical strategies and stylistic devices to convey her views about the role knowledge played in the lives of women of her time. Read the passage from A Summer Life and analyze some of the ways in which Gary Soto recreates the experience of his guilty six-year old self. Consider such devices as contrast, reputation, pacing, diction, and imagery. Using your own knowledge and experience, defend, challenge, or qualify Lewis Lapham’s view of â€Å"the American faith in money† from Money and Class in America. (25 line excerpt included. ) 1997Read the passage from Meena Alexander’s Fault Lines and analyze how Alexander uses language to explore and represent her fractured identity. Read the passage from the 1845 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, noting such elements as syntax, figurative language, and selection of detail. Write an essay in which you identify stylistic elements that distinguish third paragraph from the rest of the passage and discuss how that difference is significantUsing your own critical understanding of contemporary society, agree or disagree with Neil Postman’s assertion that Aldous Huxley’s vision of society in Brave New World is more relevant today than is George Orwell’s in 1984. 1998Paying particular attention to tone, analyze the techniques Charles Lamb uses to decline William Wordsworth’s invitation to visit him in the country. From Henry James’s novel The Portrait of a Lady, read the conversation between Madame Merle and Isabel Archer, noting their conflicting views about what constitutes the self. In a persuasive essay, demonstrate which of the two conceptions of the self has greater validity. Use specific evidence from your observation, experience or reading. After reading the two letters between an executive of the Coca-Cola company and a representative of Grove Press, analyze the rhetorical strategies each writer uses to achieve his purpose and explain which letter offers the more persuasive case. 1999After reading two passages about Florida’s Okefenokee Swamp, analyze how the distinctive style of each reveals the purpose of its writer. After reading the [3 columns long] opening from Jamaica Kincaid’s essay, â€Å"On Seeing England for the First Time,† analyze the rhetorical strategies Kincaid employs to convey her attitude toward England. After thinking about the implications of the excerpt from Antigone, explore the validity of the assertion that â€Å"The only / Crime is pride. † Use examples from your reading, observation, or experience. 2000Eudora Welty recalls reading and books that influenced her craft as a writer. Analyze how Welty’s language conveys intensity and value of reading. George Mohandas Orwell uses Gandhi to argue for choosing human imperfection over sainthood. Analyze how Orwell criticizes Gandhi’s position & how Orwell develops his own position. Paraphrase King Lear’s comment that wealth covers sin and injustice. Defend, challenge, or qualify his view of the relationship between wealth and justice. 2001George Eliot’s letter to an American woman M. F. Peirce. Analyze the rhetorical strategies Eliot uses to establish her position about the development of a writer. Analyze how Mary Oliver’s style about owls conveys the complexity of her response to nature. Support, refute, qualify Susan Sontag’s claim that photography limits understanding of the world. Use appropriate evidence. 2002Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address was a short speech in which he contemplated the effects of the Civil War and offered his vision for the future. Analyze the rhetorical strategies Lincoln used to achieve his purpose. Analyze how Virginia Woolf uses language to convey the lasting significance of moments she recalls from her childhood spent in a seaside village in Cornwall, England. Support, refute, or qualify Czech writer Milan Kundera’s claims as expressed in an excerpt from Testaments Betrayed. Use appropriate evidence. 2003Defend, challenge, qualify Neal Gabler’s assertion that entertainment has the capacity to ruin society. Analyze the methods of Alfred Green’s 1861 speech to persuade his fellow African Americans to join the Union forces. Compare and contrast how John James Audubon and Annie Dillard each describe a flock of birds in flight and how they convey the birds’ effect on the writer as observer. 2004Analyze how the rhetorical strategies used by Lord Chesterfield in his letter to his son revel his own values. Choose a controversial local, national, or global issue with which you are familiar and use appropriate evidence I an essay that carefully considers the opposing positions on this controversy ad proposes a solution or compromise. Analyze how Richard Rodriguez uses contrasts between central Mexico and California to convey and explore his conflicting feelings in an excerpt from Days of Obligation. 2005Passage from â€Å"Training for Statesmanship† by George Kennan. Select his most compelling observation and consider the extent to which that observation holds true. A mock press release from The Onion. Analyze the strategies used in the article to satirize how products are marketed to consumers. Peter Singer argues that prosperous people should donate to overseas aid organizations all money not needed for the basic requirements of life. Evaluate the pros and cons of his argument and indicate which position you find more persuasive. 2005 Form BLecture delivered in Boston in 1832 by Maria Stewart, African American educator and writer. Analyze the rhetorical strategies Stewart uses to convey her position. John Barry describes the complex mechanics of the Missippppi River in Rising Tide: Te Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America. Analyze how Barry communications his fascination with the river to his readers. Passage from The Medusa and the Snail by Lewis Thomas. Drawing on your own reading and experience, write an essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies Thomas’s claims. 2006Jennifer Price’s essay examines the popularity of the pink plastic flamingo in the 1950s. Analyze how Price crafts the text to reveal her view of U. S. culture. William Hazlitt’s â€Å"On the Want of Money. † Analyze the rhetorical strategies he uses to develop his position about money. From talk radio to television w, to popular magazines to Web blogs ordinary citizens, political figures, and entertainers express their opinions on a wide range of topics. Take a position on the value of such public statements of opinion. 2006 Form BIn a well-written essay that draws upon your reading, experience, or observations for support, take position on the issue of compulsory voting. Passage from George Bernard Shaw’s Saint Joan. Analyze the rhetorical strategies the Inquisitor uses to argue his case against Joan. Passage by philosopher Arthur Shopenhauer. Write an essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies one of Shopenhauer’s claims. 2007First Synthesis Question – based on six sources, all about advertising. Develop a position on the effects of advertising and synthesize at least three of the sources for support. In Staying Put: Making a Home in a Restless World, Scott Russell Sanders responds to an essay by Salman Rushdie, both of which discuss the effect of mass migrations. Analyze the strategies Sanders uses to develop his perspective about moving. Develop a position on the ethics of offering incentives for charitable acts and support your position with evidence from your reading, observation, and/or experience. 2007 Form BBased on six sources concerning museum artifacts and decisions made to include a particular piece of art or an artifact. Develop a position on the most important considerations facing the person responsible for securing a new work of art or an artifact for a museum. Synthesize at least three of the sources for support. In the Introduction to Poison Penmanship: The Gentle Art of Muckraking, Jessica Mitford says that it is an honor to be considered a muckraker. Do you agree or do you think that journalists who search out and expose real or apparent misconduct go too far in the pursuit of their stories. Explain your position. Speech delivered by Wendell Phillips, a prominent white American abolitionist, praising Toussaint Louverture, Haitian liberator. Analyze the strategies the speaker uses to praise his subject and move his audience. 2008Based on seven sources concerning the elimination of the penny as the smallest American denomination. Develop a position on whether or not the penny should be eliminated and synthesize at least three of the sources for support. Passage from John M. Barry’s The Great Influenza. Analyze how Barry uses rhetorical strategies to characterize scientific research. Some people argue that corporate partnerships are a necessity for cash-strapped schools. Others argue that schools should provide an environment free from ads and corporate influence. Using appropriate evidence, write an essay in which you evaluate the pros and cons of corporate sponsorship fro schools and indicate why you find one position more persuasive than the other. 2008 Form BBased on six sources concerning a defined national school curriculum. Develop a position on whether or not there should be specific texts that all students of high school English should read. Synthesize at least three of the sources for support. Passage from â€Å"America Needs Its Nerds† by Leonid Fridman. Analyze how Fridman develops his argument. Read an excerpt from The Decline of Radicalism by Daniel Boorstin and consider the implications of the distinction Boorstin makes between dissent and disagreement. Defend, challenge, or qualify Boosrtin’s distinction. 2009Based on eight sources concerning space exploration. Develop a position about what issues should be considered most important in making decisions about space exploration and synthesize at least three of the sources for support. Two passages from Edwin Wilson’s The Future of Life satirizing the language of two groups that hold opposing attitudes about environmentalism. Analyze how Wilson’s satire illustrates the unproductive nature of such discussions. Write an essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies Horace’s assertion that the role of adversity (financial or political hardship, danger, misfortune, etc. ) plays in developing a person’s character. Support your argument with evidence from your reading, observation, or experience 2009 Form BBased on seven sources concerning public education. Choose an issue related to the tension in schools between individuality and conformity. Write an essay in which you use this issue to argue the extent to which schools should support individuality or conformity. Synthesize at least three of the sources for support. Passage from â€Å"The Indispensable Opposition† by Walter Lippman. Analyze the strategies Lippman uses to develop his argument. Passage from The Worst Years of Our Lives by Barbara Ehrenreich, about life in the 1980s. Support, refute, or qualify Ehrenreich’s assertions about television.

Assignment #1: Best Practices

January 4, 2013 BUS 5668: Cases in Applied Project Management Assignment #1: Best Practices From 1940 to present, Project Management has continuously advanced from line managers using a small set of processes that were considered nice to have to the formal assignment of one individual assigned as the Project Manager that utilized a formal methodology by which to manage the project. Often the term â€Å"best practices† is referenced within a defined methodology. Why must an organization capture best practices? What are the determining factors in base-lining a best practice? Can an organization have too many best practices?What are the impacts of establishing too many best practices that mandated by senior management for use on all projects? Provide one example of a Project Management best practice. (Video Lecture 2 and independent research) What are Best Practices? According to the Business Dictionary, And According to the Business Dictionary, â€Å"A Best Practice is a method or technique that has consistently shown results superior to those achieved with other means, and that is used as a benchmark (Business Dictionary). † Organizations that have had constant success have adapted a unique version of the best practice method that accommodates what they do.Many organizations use best practices to do the following (but not limited to): †¢ Develop an understanding of the necessary requirements †¢ Focusing on how to deliver the service / continue to deliver the service †¢ Improve the perception of the customer(s) †¢ Eliminate wasteful spending/investments †¢ Increase productivity and employee morale †¢ Improve Risk Management Using the best practices listed above along with other best practices the organization deem necessary, organizations can create a baseline to accommodate their organizations.A Base-line is defined as the current version of a project plan that guides project performance and against which the project m anager compares actual project performance. (Portny, el. ) When an organization is creating or enhancing a base-line, the organization has to take into consideration the following: †¢ How will the best practice benefit the organization †¢ Who will the best practice have the most impact on (customer, organization, stakeholders, etc. ) †¢ What is the return on investments for the organization by implementing the best practices.Although best practices is the ideal method to use when operating an organization, not using the best practices method as it is meant to be used is just as bad as not having a process in place to run the organization. Time and time again, many organizations lose site of what best practices really are because they set too many goals as best practices. As a result, the organization fails to improve and keep up with competitors due to losing sight because they have so many best practices they are trying to focus on. The idea behind the best ractices is to ensure the organization is operating on one accord throughout the organization. By implementing too many best practices may result in the disorganization within the organization. Everyone would not be on one accord which can lead to miscommunication and every department doing what they see fit. Having too many best practices is just as bad as not having any at all. By implementing too many best practices, the organization have a higher probability to failing due to no realistic opportunity of implementing all of the best practices.And the best practices implemented will not be fulfill 100% due to lack of resources because resources are spread thin due to the large amount of best practices. Also, every best practice may not be suitable for every department within the organization. By implementing best practices that will not be beneficial to department will become a waist of resources, spending, and as a result the project has a high probability of failing. An example of a Proj ect Management best practice would be the implementation of ITIL within the NASA organization.ITIL provides a practical, no-nonsense framework for identifying, planning, delivering and supporting IT services to the business. The NASA Shared Services Center (NSSC) is ITIL aligned. As a member of the NASA Shared Services Center, I had the opportunity to work on the implementation of the Enterprise Service Desk (ESD). The ESD offers 24Ãâ€"7 technical support to the entire NASA Agency. This department was stood up on the premises of offering the best IT support at the lowest cost. The NSSC has been using this best practice since it’s start-up.I for one believe the ITIL best practice has brought much success to the NSSC. References: Last, F. M. (Year Published) Book. City, State: Publisher. Portny, Stanley E. (2008) Project Management: Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling Projects. New Jersey John wWley & Sons No author. (n. d. ) Business Dictionary. Retrieved on 01/09/2012. Ret rieved from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/best-practice. html#ixzz2HuDx20hu No author. (05. 10. 2012) ITIL. Retrieved on 01/09/2012. Retrieved from http://www. itil-officialsite. com/AboutITIL/WhatisITIL. aspx

GUILT BAD REMORSE GOOD essays

GUILT BAD REMORSE GOOD essays There is a big difference between remorse and guilt. Guilt is feeling responsible for something you are not responsible for. As you read above this is never a good thing to have happen to you. On the other hand if you feel remorse it means that you had control of the outcome of a situation but you did not take responsibility for it. If you were driving down the road and you were going the speed limit and obeying the rules of the road and a little cat jumped in front of your car and you sent it to kitty heaven it is not your fault. You couldn't do anything to change the outcome of the situation. On the other hand if you were driving under the influence and you were swerving and you hit a kitty on the sidewalk then it would have been your fault. If you don't take responsibility for your actions then the outcome will most likely be remorse. If you have remorse for not doing something to avoid hitting the cat then that is a good thing because you will know better in the future. One day in the middle of summer me and my friend were chilling in the back of his house in the woods walking around and trying to keep our balance on a fallen log. We were walking towards the end of the log and I made a loud noise and he fell of the end and scraped his back on a broken log limb. I know it wasn't my fault, and it was probably his clumsiness but I still feel like I am to blame for this incident. The remorse I felt after this incident happened was very great and I don't think it ever went away totally. The story that come to mind when I think of remorse is one of my childhood years. During the earlier years of my life (around13-14) I had access to a paintball gun. These things are definitely not to be played with and that's exactly what I did. I was walking in the woods behind my house when I spotted a bird perched on a tree limb and I wanted to shoot next to him to scare him away. I shot the gun and missed him so I was doing ...

A Report On The Novel 1984, By George Orwell Essays - Free Essays

A Report On The Novel 1984, By George Orwell Essays - Free Essays A Report on the novel 1984, by George Orwell The Importance of 1984 1984 was a very important book. First, it helped show where communism was headed, and helped create repulsion towards Communism. Before this book (and Animal Farm) a lot of people thought Communism was a good thing. The major mainstream generally neutral about it, but this book really opened up and showed what a bad idea it was, because it showed where communism was headed, not a place where everyone was equal, but a place that was once that and evolved into a horrible totalitarian government that could never be toppled. Second, I'm not sure whether this book could last for years for generations to enjoy. Although I hope it remains a favorite, it was really ment as a political novel of the 20th century. It could still last though, if people don't forget about the 20th century, or something similar to communism appears in the future. (and even if that doesn't happen, it will probably still be liked because it's just a good book) Also, it would be ironic if something sim! ilar to "newspeak" comes about, English is forgotten and this book would be unreadible. Third, I think this shows an interesting portrait of human life. It's true, the upper class always tries to stay upper, the middle class tries to join the upper class, and the lower class wants everyone to be equal. Forth, I think this book would go very good in a series. I don't mean exactly sequels, but the "world of 1984", a series of books that shows Big Brother's rise to power, and who he really is, stories about Eastasia and Eurasia, what's going on in the Inner Party, a visit to the place where the telescreens are monitored, et cerera (by the way, I think there might be a sequel, I'm not sure. I saw a book that's supposed to be similar, only it's in the year 2000 and written by a different author, and it was written in the last two years) Well, I hoped I proved why 1984 is my favorite book, I guess. Summary of 1984 This story takes place in London, Airstrip One, formally called England, before it joined with North America, South America and some small European countries to form Oceania, which is based on the Ingsoc (English Socialism) political structure, which consists of Big Brother, the Inner Party, the Outer Party, and the proles. Big Brother is the mysterious elite totalitarian leader, whom the Outer Party adores. Only his voice is heard on the telescreen (a two direction broadcasting television, used for constantly pumping propaganda into people while monitoring them simultaneously), and a picture of him is posted on the walls. No one knows where he resides, and no one knows what his real name is. Then there's the elite, the Inner Party. They're upper class, and their main focus is to keep the middle class (the Outer Party) and the lower class (the proles) in line, and prevent them from getting to their status or starting revolutions or something. They get the Outer Party in line by getting them to love Big Brother, torturing them, and constantly pumping their heads with propaganda. They get the proles in line by keeping them ignorant, by giving them entertainment and such to keep them happy, and keep them ignorant about the suffering and injustice going on. If the proles wished so, they could easily overthrow the party. The book's main character is named Winston Smith, and he's from Airstrip One. He works at the Ministry of Truth, a place where propaganda is made, and media is changed and edited. Winston's job is editing old copies of The Times, which is the newspaper in London. Winston had been a thought criminal, which is someone who thought against Big Brother or the establishment, even very slightly. Winston bought a diary, and wrote "DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER" in it, as kind of a way to express himself and his rebelliousness on paper. Soon, Winston has an affair with a women named Julia. They rebel against Big Brother by loving each other, and having sex. Love and sex are against Big Brother because they divert love and energy away from him. Winston

Big Energy

1.Organisational behavior may be defined as the specific branch of studies that helps in investigating how organizational structures affect different types of behavior within the organizations. It helps in the studying of an organization from a number of different viewpoints that not only includes different behaviors within the organization but also in relation to other different numbers of organizations (Pinder 2014). Some of the important facets of organizational behavior are the leadership, decision making, job satisfaction, team building and also motivation. However in case of the present scenario provided, it is seen that many of the facets of organizational behavior is not properly maintained in the pany named Big Energy. It is a private organization that had bought a flourishing pany called the XYZ pany but had not established a proper organizational behavior that would help the workers to adapt themselves in the new environment. In turn they had applied policies which had a v ery negative effect on the retained employees of the overtaken pany. This study would help to establish the different problems that the employees had to encounter in terms of a number of aspects like the behavior, values and also the attitudes that are portrayed by the new employers and the organization. Before one begin to describe the aspects of the case study provided, a brief overview about the concept of organization behaviour must be discussed.    Organisational behavior mainly pays importance on the topics like influence of personality on performance, motivation of employees and also creating effective teams and workplace groups that when work in harmonious situations will result in producing the best productivity for an organization (Miner 2015). There exists a specific attitude in a workplace that influences the workplace either in a positive way or in a negative way. In a workplace which shows a positive attitude, petition is taken by the workers as a motivation to show best capabilities. However a negative attitude in a workplace results in creation of an environment of distrust among the employees which results in different negative ou es like achieving success at each other expense, or results in increased attrition rate and also workers get emotionally depressed (Wagner and Hollenbeck 2014). From the beginning itself, a very negative attitude was portrayed by the Big Energy’s authorities when they made the chief executives and also the functional business members redundant. This came upon them as the warning signal which not only created a pressure on them of being sacked at any time but also showed another threat. It made them to think that they have to struggles in their pany and would always be judges in their merit which increased pressure on them and thereby became demotivated. This resulted in increase of the attrition rate of the organization. Another reason that can be noted here was that the behavior of the workers of XYZ developed very negative feelings about their new authority which had a very negative impact on their own work and thereby affected the organization’s productivity. The workers got depressed and also frustrated because the new authority was not paying heed to the workers’ welfare and betterment and only set their aim on the process of integration. They pletely neglected the quality of work that the workers were exhibiting and also did not take into account the pany’s long term profits. As a result the loyalty that the workers used to show their previous authority were gradually declining for their new authority and heir morale started to dwindle. Such kind of development of feelings should strictly been avoided by the new authority as it we es loss and increases turnover rates (Green berg 2013). Another important element of organizational behavior is values. Values are the attributes that an individual or an organization carries as as an integral part of existence and may vary from one to another. It is often defined as the main basis of attitude and motivation. In the case provided, the main reason for the arrival of different issues were that there was no similarity with the values shared by the Big Energy pany and that by the workers of the XYZ. As a result, feuds with the supervisors were in constancy and therefore it did not yield any positive result been when Sally tried to argue with them over the harmful effects of the integration model of the authority. The integration model implemented by the Big Energy affected the inter-personal relationships of the workers with that of the employers asking a big question on the effectiveness of managerial leaderships. The employees felt that their wishes and requirement were disrespected and these severe issues forced them to le ave the pany one by one. It also showed that the new authority could not implement proper human resource management skill and therefore could not establish a proper relationship with the employees which would have brought much more productivity (Champoux 2016). This case study portray the importance of knowledge about the macro organizational behavioral theory refereeing to entire organizations and also industries and their operations and not the Micro organizational behavior theory that pays heed to individual or group behavior as a whole. Organisational culture is the system of shared values, assumptions and beliefs that help a particular individual in an organization to properly evaluate what kind of behaviors are wanted by the organizations (DuBrin 2013). These have three important ponents like the artifacts mainly pondering over the tangible parts of the organization like office jokes, furniture, dress code, timings and others. A value which is already discussed earlier as qualities that an employee possesses is also found to e different from that of the employers. The workers of XYZ wanted to pete based on their merit but this was not prioritized by the Big Energy. Therefore, they b e demotivated. Assumptions are those behaviors which are not conscious but are integrated as the spirit of the corporate culture (Hogg and Terry 2014). If one wants to portray the bigger picture, it can be explained that both the employees and the new employer were not being able to harmonize. This is mainly because both of them were failing to catch hold of each other’s techniques and models of organizational behavior (Greenberh and Colquitt 2013). This resulted in huge negative impact on the performance of the workers and hence the productivity. In place Big Energy should have set up a proper and critically analyzed approach to integrate the acquired employees in such a way so that they could have developed proper relationship and also would make them fortable and thereby feel included in organizations’ mission and vision. Big Energy should have recognized that human resource make the foundation of the organization and therefore should have taken effective steps to manage them effectively and create an easy pathway to success rather than neglecting the voice of the workers and overpowering them. 2.The acquisition of XYZ Energy by Big Energy though seems to be a good fit, there lies more to it than the same vertical of business. The acquisition can be better explained with the help of the Corporate Parenting Matrix which shows a relation between the fit and misfit of parenting and strategic characteristics. The acquisition is in the quadrant of the Value Trap i.e. Big Energy was able to recognize the process values and technological importance of XYZ Energy, but it was unable to create an integration model which can sustain this acquisition in the long term. Big Energy which had been keen on only acquiring the technology, patents and innovations made the workforce of XYZ energy redundant to their own business model. It must be noted that long term petitive advantage can’t be sought after by myopic scenario planning (Greenberg and Coloquitt 2013). It is quite evident that with employee dissonance prevailing in an organization, it is bound to crumble sooner or later. The attitude and values of the XYZ employees have been hurt and no recognition has been paid to these employees. The senior management at XYZ had also faced the brunt once the acquisition was in full swing. With the redundancy of the senior management, the employees who were still surviving with XYZ very well knew that they were on the verge of colliding with the end of their careers at XYZ Energy. Big Energy in order to make the acquisition fall in the category of ‘Heartland’ needs to realize that the foundation of an organization is its human resource – it’s the people in the organization who form the culture have be liefs and possess values. Big Energy till now has miserably failed in prehending the organizational behavior scope of XYZ Energy. The downturn came about when Big Energy failed to understand the emotions of the employees who stayed back and were even little bothered to bring in the change management effectively in order to mold behavior and attitudes. Big Energy needs to put heed to the basics of prehending organizational behavior and form its strategy accordingly. Change management can only be successfully implanted when there is active participation from all realms of the organization especially within the employees and the management (Grant 2016). In order to get the integration to reach a new level of long term sustenance, Big Energy must take up the following actions: Delineate: It is the sole responsibility of the management of Big Energy to converse and delineate the responsibilities and behavioral patterns to the individual (employees of XYZ). Big Energy needs to start off by these so to make sure that dissonance and turnover is low (Nahavandi et al. 2013). Comprehend: Earlier during the acquisition process kicked off, the employees of XYZ had been reluctant, less enthusiastic and even flying on low morale. Big Energy should have taken this into consideration and tried to find out the root cause of such dissatisfaction among the existent employees (Lam et al. 2015). Instead it had turned a blind eye. Thus organizational behavior clearly outlines that it’s important to understand the reasons for an individual’s behavior. This prehension will help Big Energy to annihilate the causes of the dissatisfaction in the bud itself. Anticipate: In the study, it has been mentioned that the management as well as the employees of Big Energy were most reluctant to visit and interact with the remaining XYZ employees. This reluctance has proven to be instrumental in driving the private enterprise towards being clueless about the personalities and motivation factors of the XYZ employees. Thus interaction needs to be increased in order to better predict employee behavior for higher efficiency (Hui, Lee and Wang 2015). Control: Since the businesses are quite alike, Big Energy put all their efforts on the integration process but little on the incumbents post integration. Big Energy now has to implement separate Training and Development processes to ensurehigh employee morale, less employee turnover and higher orientation towards organizational goals. The T&D procedure must infuse enough job mitment in the employees so that they can again be a part of the activities and find their relevance in their respective job roles (Morris et al. 2015). With the above proceedings in action, Big Energy needs to be more transparent and promote inter dependence of employees to gain higher productivity. It is elementary to integrate the culture of both the organizations to create synergy, so as to provide the fit for the organizational resources and human resources (Lindebaum and Geddes 2016). Big Energy must pay close heed to the models of Organizational Behavior and implement the following to get the desired results. Supportive Model: The model thrives under effective leadership styles. Big Energy management should be on the lookout for the remaining XYZ employee needs so that organizational performance can be met. The respective leaders must support their fellow team mates to develop their skills and promote awakening motivational drives among them so as to orient them towards favorable results (Lee and Selart 2015). Collegial Model: This model encourages a sense of partnership in the organization. Working as a team is the right approach where team mates are self-disciplined and self-actualized. Big Energy must motivate XYZ employees to work closely Big Energy employees as teams so that there is diversity in teams and idea generation can be more frequent. Big Energy must also bring about an intra-organizational petitive environment which shall motivate XYZ employees to perform better, more enthusiastically, aligned towards desired organizational goals (Goestch and Davis 2014). System Model: The model is based upon the power of trust, munity and belongingness. The managerial orientation is passionate and caring which drives employees to being self-motivated, passionate towards achieving desired organizational results. Big Energy must ensure that employees are provided enough liberty to bring their thoughts on the table to initiateteam building and brain storming activities. Big Energy management needs to portray the right vibes of mutual trust with the remaining XYZ employees so that employees can recognize their own psychological ownership of the firm and work towards the betterment of the same. This would initiate a higher morale in the employees as they can feel their own relevance and authority in the organization (Grant 2016). It must be realized that all strategies are not the best fits for Big Energy management. A framework of the strategies has been provided with indicative approaches. Still further study is a requisite prior to implementing them. Champoux, J.E., 2016.  Organizational behavior: Integrating individuals, groups, and organizations. Routledge. DuBrin, A.J., 2013.  Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.  Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Grant, R.M., 2016.  Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley & Sons. Greenberg, J. and Colquitt, J.A. eds., 2013.  Handbook of organizational justice. Psychology Press. Greenberg, J. ed., 2013.  Organizational behavior: The state of the science. Routledge. Hogg, M.A. and Terry, D.J. eds., 2014.  Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Psychology Press. Hui, C., Lee, C. and Wang, H., 2015. Organizational inducements and employee citizenship behavior: The mediating role of perceived insider status and the moderating role of collectivism.  Human Resource Management,  54(3), pp.439-456. Lam, C.F., Liang, J., Ashford, S.J. and Lee, C., 2015. Job insecurity and organizational citizenship behavior: Exploring curvilinear and moderated relationships.  Journal of Applied Psychology,  100(2), p.499. Lee, W.S. and Selart, M., 2015. The influence of emotions on trust in ethical decision making. Lindebaum, D. and Geddes, D., 2016. The place and role of (moral) anger in organizational behavior studies.  Journal of organizational behavior,  37(5), pp.738-757. Miner, J.B., 2015.  Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Morris, M.W., Hong, Y.Y., Chiu, C.Y. and Liu, Z., 2015. Normology: Integrating insights about social norms to understand cultural dynamics.  Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,  129, pp.1-13. Nahavandi, A., Denhardt, R.B., Denhardt, J.V. and Aristigueta, M.P., 2013.  Organizational behavior. SAGE Publications. Pinder, C.C., 2014.  Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.  Organizational behavior: Securing petitive advantage. Routledge.

Money and success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Money and success - Essay Example As money can buy things which significantly contribute to a person’s happiness, and enables opportunities and experiences which would not be possible otherwise, money and success are inextricably linked; money is a predictor of an individual’s success. Money can buy any material thing that a person could possibly desire. Material objects, while in no way guaranteeing happiness or success, do contribute quite a lot to happiness and success in several ways. It is a commonly understood fact that people judge others very quickly and form impressions of others immediately upon meeting them. It is also understood that people often judge others based on what they see; an individual’s looks, clothing, car, house and jewellery all can combine to create an impression of someone. If such things are seen as high quality, impressive or pleasing, this person will have generally made a good first impression. This in turn can lead to friendships, social invitations, success at interviews and all manner of factors which result from creating a positive and impressive first impression. In addition to this, having material things such as a nice house, expensive clothing and fine jewellery automatically create a pleasant living environment. Hav ing such possessions and money also negates the worry and stress that people suffer who do not have money to pay bills or enjoy the finer things in life. In this way, having money to buy material things contributes to an individual’s success by helping to create positive impressions, thereby supporting areas such as friendship and working relationships and enables more opportunities to become available to the individual in several contexts. Other than the relatively obvious material gains that money brings to the success of an individual, money also helps an individual to receive respect from

Language is the most precious and the most dangerous human gift Essay

Language is the most precious and the most dangerous human gift Friedrich Hlderlin - Essay Example Language is one of the most precious human gifts as it allows human beings to exchange thoughts and share information. Language is founded in the human need to make sense of the world and our place in it. What distinguishes it from mere personal opinion and credulity is its rejection of passionate convictions as sufficient grounds for belief and action, and its commitment to careful analysis and systematic reasoning. Name of essay Language is the most precious and the most dangerous human gift perfectly reflect communative tool between people. Rather than a uniform body of doctrine, philosophy manifests itself in an ongoing process of critically examining and refining the grounds for our beliefs and actions, the ideas we recognize as true, as deserving our loyalty and commitment. Thesis Friedrich Hlderlin states that language is the most precious and the most dangerous human gift". Language is among the signs and symbols by which humans order their worlds and construct their conceptions of reality. Researchers explore symbolic and semiotic accounts of language as an instrument by which people conceive reality or construct their representations of it: the ways in which experience mediates interpretation of the world. Since symbolism requires a relation between two different kinds of thing, one that symbolizes or signifies and another that is symbolized or signified, the dualistic tensions between the linguistic intrinsic and extrinsic figure prominently in symbolic theories, as do questions about interpretive latitude. Suspending 'logical' belief in the opposition of subject and object, inside and outside, mind and body, phenomenologists explore language from the perspective of the lived, bodily experience-from the interpreter's point of view, one might say. By attempting to set aside the binary oppositions that fuel debates between autonomists and heteronomists , phenomenology offers a perspective that is strikingly fresh and richly resonant with language as a lived, human process (Bennett et al 43). The idea that language structure is in some sense symbolic has philosophical roots that probably extend at least as far back in history as the ancient doctrines of mimesis and ethos-the belief that language imitates and shapes attributes of human character. The influence of idealism is also quite often evident in symbolic theories, since its quest to secure a place for language in the realm of cognitively significant activity yielded so many inspiring descriptions of language's distinctive felt and rational attributes. Also, since symbolic accounts generally entail the conviction that language's significance is a function of its capacity to signify, point to, or represent something other than itself, familiar tensions between expression and autonomy (between referential capacity and presentational immediacy) often lie very near the surface. Thus, symbolic accounts of language occasionally resonate deeply with idealistic philosophical orientations of formalistic or expressionistic per suasions, orientations to which they are in certain respects related. At the heart of her theory lies a very distinctive definition of 'symbol': a vehicle for the conception of reality (Searle 82). Anthropology of language suggests that language is the main criterion that distinguishes humans from other animals. What language does, in this view, is enable conception. This act of coherence making is, furthermore, the common foundation of thought and language; this achievement of coherence, not the logical operations by which it is subsequently manipulated and ordered, is the root of humankind's distinctive mental power. In other words, thought and language are each ways albeit contrasting ways -- of 'transforming

Torture under International Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Torture under International Criminal Law - Essay Example Facts reveal that it can be committed at times of war and at peace, to a prisoner of war, a suspected civilian or a common criminal. It is defined in various international and regional laws, conventions and statutes in an attempt to curb its practice by numerous states. While originally covered in international human rights and international humanitarian laws, a number of theorists relegated it to another branch international law – that of international criminal law. The prominent definition of torture is embodied in section 1(1) of Convention Against Torture 1, to wit: â€Å"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions† (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d., para. 4). Four elements must exist to be considered torture under the definition, which are: a) the act must be done with intent, b) there is extreme pain and suffering , c) done for the purpose of eliciting information or other objectives, and d) consented by a public official (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). The second element poses issues and disagreement as to the determination of pain and suffering, being subjective to the victim (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). The same degree of pain can produce different effects upon a strong young man and an old sickly person (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). While ill-treatment is not properly defined in the conventions, case

How Peer pressure can be turned into a positive Essay

How Peer pressure can be turned into a positive - Essay Example Peer pressure also motivates the youth. Despite the negative attributes often associated with peer pressure as being destructive to young people’s overall development, it has instrumentally uplifted youth from the depths of confusion and emotional turmoil to clear paths in life. Peer pressure is erroneously thought to only elicit negative effects amongst young people. However, this fails to consider the numerous positive benefits that can be gained from peer pressure. For example, peer pressure could act as a motivation because it boosts one’s morale in becoming better at certain things. Additionally, under motivation, children coming financially unstable homes find an impetus to work hard in their academic studies to get better jobs and earn handsome salaries. In the same capacity, motivation helps people in understanding different issues from multiple spectrums. Overall, it raises a person’s self-esteem and confidence. It is usually peer pressure through motivation, for example, that leads young people to embrace activities such as exercising to maintain healthy bodies. They also practice healthy habits that does not make susceptible to diseases. Integration of socialization skills is another way how peer pressure can be turned into a positive thing. This is because it enables the socializees to make friends that usually expand their networks in terms of opportunities and chances in life. Alternatively, socialization is a healthy exercise that inspires people to join different co-curricular activities such as drama, sports, and clubs among others to achieve popularity amongst their peers. Therefore, through socialization, citizens cultivate vital cultures of collective behavior and unity as benchmarks for group norms. In other words, peer groups interconnect its members through creating platforms for group conformity and group consensus. Identity formation is equally an integral merit emerging from peer pressure that is often overlooked. This

Question about the novel The outsider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question about the novel The outsider - Essay Example As the storyline continues to unfold, we see many adolescents as irrational. They act without thinking just as is the case with Ponyboy when he finds the church on fire. He jumps out of the car, runs and enters into the burning church intending to rescue the children (Hinton 6). He does this without thinking about his safety and because he has no skills on firefighting, and also because he does not have the right outfit for fire rescue. Pony agrees with this assessment; that he is not reasonable when he says that he sometimes does not think. Adolescence is a phase in life when a teenager considers himself/ herself as an adult and expects to be treated as one. The reality is, they are still teenagers and are under control and guidance to others with parents, and teachers. Therefore when their elders advise them on how to live, the teens start to feel like the elders are dictating them on how to live their lives. The loss of control makes teens feel life is not fair. For instance, Ponyboy knows that he is not safe walking on the streets of his neighborhood, but he still does it. Adolescents also have another behavior of bullying others as well as defending themselves, for example in the outsider, as Ponyboy comes from strolling he is attacked by a gang. Also, Pony is thinking of how he can defend himself and is looking around for a pop bottle or stick or something anything to defend himself. It is at this point that we hear Pony remembering how Steve Randle, had once held off four guys with a busted pop bottle. Such, and other examples in the book go a long way in showing us that adolescents have a bullying habit and are also

Torture under International Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Torture under International Criminal Law - Essay Example Facts reveal that it can be committed at times of war and at peace, to a prisoner of war, a suspected civilian or a common criminal. It is defined in various international and regional laws, conventions and statutes in an attempt to curb its practice by numerous states. While originally covered in international human rights and international humanitarian laws, a number of theorists relegated it to another branch international law – that of international criminal law. The prominent definition of torture is embodied in section 1(1) of Convention Against Torture 1, to wit: â€Å"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions† (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d., para. 4). Four elements must exist to be considered torture under the definition, which are: a) the act must be done with intent, b) there is extreme pain and suffering , c) done for the purpose of eliciting information or other objectives, and d) consented by a public official (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). The second element poses issues and disagreement as to the determination of pain and suffering, being subjective to the victim (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). The same degree of pain can produce different effects upon a strong young man and an old sickly person (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). While ill-treatment is not properly defined in the conventions, case

Question about the novel The outsider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question about the novel The outsider - Essay Example As the storyline continues to unfold, we see many adolescents as irrational. They act without thinking just as is the case with Ponyboy when he finds the church on fire. He jumps out of the car, runs and enters into the burning church intending to rescue the children (Hinton 6). He does this without thinking about his safety and because he has no skills on firefighting, and also because he does not have the right outfit for fire rescue. Pony agrees with this assessment; that he is not reasonable when he says that he sometimes does not think. Adolescence is a phase in life when a teenager considers himself/ herself as an adult and expects to be treated as one. The reality is, they are still teenagers and are under control and guidance to others with parents, and teachers. Therefore when their elders advise them on how to live, the teens start to feel like the elders are dictating them on how to live their lives. The loss of control makes teens feel life is not fair. For instance, Ponyboy knows that he is not safe walking on the streets of his neighborhood, but he still does it. Adolescents also have another behavior of bullying others as well as defending themselves, for example in the outsider, as Ponyboy comes from strolling he is attacked by a gang. Also, Pony is thinking of how he can defend himself and is looking around for a pop bottle or stick or something anything to defend himself. It is at this point that we hear Pony remembering how Steve Randle, had once held off four guys with a busted pop bottle. Such, and other examples in the book go a long way in showing us that adolescents have a bullying habit and are also

Influence of Religion on Developing Societies Essay Example for Free

Influence of Religion on Developing Societies Essay Religion has always had some influence on civilization. From the past to the present it has shaped the way civilizations interact, communicate and even fight wars. Religion started out with the different complex societies instilling their rules upon families and then allowing those kinds of families to organize into local government systems. Religion influenced economies to flourish and expand so that trade could be developing thus reducing the threat of war among empires. The importance of religion could never be under stated because it’s influence on politics and the different ethnic groups. However the three religions that have affected civilizations throughout the existence of man have been Islam, Judaism and Christianity. I hope to show how those religions shaped the minds of philosophers, scientists and priests throughout the existence of human beings. In my research I also hope to show how religion forced communities to bond with one another in other to worship God the way they would like without the infringing upon someone else views and I hope to show how conflict influenced the politics of every society. This would reveal how religion plays a big part of our lives whether we believe in God or not. This research also will show how religion influences our present world. The three religious beliefs all do their part to establish a foundation in man’s heart to build a better society, culture and communications with one another. Religion will always influence our beliefs, our civilization, and our moral values. Without Religion societies are dead in the water. Islam is an important part of today’s society and culture. Islam is one of the fastest growing religions in our world. From generation to generation this religion has influenced much of the Muslim countries such as those in the Middle East, Europe and even in the United States. Many in the Jewish and Christian communities consider the Muslim religion as being a reason why there is also conflict in the Middle East over a tiny piece of land called Palestine. This was a land in which religion played an important role in the boundaries and communities that existed during that era. However throughout history, the Islamic religion has been in conflict with other religions that were called â€Å"Infidels† because of their unbelievers in following teachings of the Quran as inspired by Muhammad. This has been the main conflict of the religion of the Islamic with other religions and faiths. Mohammad Nafissi (2005) points out: The ideal type of reformation proposed here is capacions enough no include both Christianity and Islam, but it is also sufficiently determinate to retain and explain the distinctive trajectory of Islam and Islamic reformism. At present certain explicit Koranic injunctions and aspects of the Prophet’s tradition, sunna, and the orthodox Islamic law, sharia which purports to synthesize both as a comprehensive set of lasting rules of conduct, apparently stand opposed to central tenants of modernity, gender equality, and equality in law and rights between Muslims and non-Muslims or separation of religion and state. The suggest a prima facie case for the view that Islam is an obstacle to modernity, democracy, and economic progress. (p. 3) Muhammad was influence by some elements of Judaism and Christianity. Both of those religions believed in Monotheism and this had an impact upon the thinking of Muhammad who also taught again idolatry. However Muhammad believed that Jesus Christ was an ordinary prophet just like Peter, Paul and others. Mohammad Nafissi (2005) further notes: The centerpiece of the Islamic reform of Judaism and Christianity was a rationalizing agenda that synthesized them as what can be accurately described as a Judeo-Christianity that anticipated Protestantism in some areas and went beyond it at least in one crucial respect, Mohammad did not deny the ministries of Moses and the Jesus, but claimed to have been sent to purify the corrupted Judaism and Christianity at the time. Jesus was a prophet, but to worship him as a divine was precisely the mark of pagan magic, ignorance, and neglect of the one supreme God that had sent Mohammad and all the preceding prophets. p. 7) This ancient view has been the origin of conflict against Judaism and Christianity to the 21st century. It has caused cultures to collide against each other and millions of innocent people have suffered hardships due to wars, terrorists, bombings, and commendations. Islam is specially has a hatred of Jewish people because of their claims to be God’s chosen people. (Evangeliou, 2003) The Jewish has been the center piece of the nation of Israel for centuries. The nation is one of the tiniest on the planted however it is one of the strongest military and intelligent people in society. Their culture has been studied and copied for ages. Judaism is a religion that can be traced back to the Jewish people that believed in the worship of one God. History showed that in those ancient times many complex societies worshiped different deities. This led to many different groups and communities that had placed status, magic and other strange views that influenced events in that era. Judaism is known in our present society because of the â€Å"first chapter of both the Jewish Torah and the Christian Bible†. (Sanders, et al. , 2006, p. 6) It is also noted the accounts of several events that end up shaping the world then and now. The monotheism belief influenced the heart and spirit of many in the Jewish culture. This is extremely important because of how it was able to grow in influence throughout the ancient world to the world that we live in today. Historical accounts of the Judaism reveal many concepts and practices that many cultures and civilizations still uses today. An example would be the eating of certain kinds of meats for dietary bases; the military planning that enable a young lad name David to defeat the great Philistine champion names Goliath. pg. 72) The development of many methods to help understand our universe and the environment all come gets its foundation from Judaism. The role of religion played in influencing the Jewish woman in loving their family and devoting their lives to God and their homes. Politically, religion was the foundation that influences one section of the tribes of Israel to break from tradition and form their own government. (Para. 2) Religion also influenced economies in the Jewish civilizations. Complex societies were formed that religion could dictate to the rule of law and expand their beliefs to other societies. In my studies I found that the concept of many of the complex Judean societies formed cities and states to maintain some order and to create a form of government that would follow the principles of the Torah that was given by Yahweh. (Bentley, et al. , 2008) Religion influence how the Jewish people traveled and intermingle with other ethnical groups in different parts of the ancient world. However there was another religion that has its part in the influencing its faith into the ancient world. Christianity is the best known for impact upon the world in the ancient era through our present. Christianity is a religion can be traced as far back as the first century. This religion centers on the life Jesus Christ and the early church. It is the belief that Jesus Christ was the son of God who came upon the earth to sacrifice his life to save man from their sins and have everlasting life. This doctrine is unlike from what the Jewish and Islam beliefs are. The Judaism religion still awaits their king to come and save them from this world while Islam followers have a firm belief of Muhammad as being a prophet with the same divinity as Jesus Christ. When you look at the history of Christianity as it is written, accounts indicate that Christianity formed societies, complex communities, armies, and economies all over the world. What I found so interesting was how fast Christianity was able to spread in parts of Europe, Asia, Northern Africa and finally to America. This doctrine affected how people lived, interact, and worked to support themselves. The belief that Christianity offered a deliverance from a world of wars, conflict, diseases, sin, and intolerance is the driving force behind Jesus Christ. Researcher has found that Christianity started around the first century C. E. (Sanders, et al. , 2006 p. 221) The Jewish sects didn’t like how the Roman Empire how they took control of Palestine. (Para. 2). This led to a new to a new religion and the need to have written records pertaining to the words of Jesus Christ. (Pg. 222) History indicates that a Jew named Saul who was â€Å"trained as a rabbi and scholarly religious leader in the Jewish tradition† (Sanders, et al. , 2006 Para. 1) was converted to Christianity on the road to Damascus. After the vision, Saul followed God’s word and changed his name to Paul and became was instrumental in testifying about his experience and converting both Gentiles and Jews to the new religion. What Christianity done is to give communities a foundation to build a culture, government, and economy based on Christian principles. Christianity was somewhat different than Islam and Judaism because it didn’t teach to judge people but allow God to be the one who would judge individuals by the way that person lives his/her life. Some fractions of Islam have a firm belief in going to heaven if they kill innocent people for being unbelievers. This is what makes Christianity stand out among others in the world. Christianity is a bridge to God not to wage war against unbelievers or to force people in communities convert but give the world a new religion based on love, peace and the vision of being delivered from sin. In every era Christianity has influenced the changing of cultures, economies and governments. The role of government in modern times have all developed on the foundation of three principles, either you are of Jewish, Islamic or Christian faiths. Many wars and conflicts have resulted because of the views of their religion beliefs. Scholars and theorists have often debate about the role of religion in the lives of society. This has caused a battle between the three main faiths in today’s societies. Scott Thomas (2002) notes† One of the main debates among theorists of the international relationships is the nature of The social bonds that hold states together as an international society. This debate has Brought together theorists of the otherwise sharply contending schools of neorealist Structuralism. The current versions of the traditions of Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, And Rousseau) and of neoliberal institutionalism (the contemporary forms of traditions From Grotius, Kant, Bentham, and Rawls). (Pg. 110) This debate involves the resurgence of religion that is dictating the modularization of our global world. It is affecting how we eat, work, build, socialize, and communicate with others. This resurgence is gro wing so fast that it will eventually become one religion. Christianity will be the religion that will dominate the world in our present and generations to come. People see and form their own opinions about religion. When religion can provide a better life for poor, the elderly, the family structure, and then it will achieve it desire. For the worship of God is for the needy, downcast and others that long for a change in their lives. Christianity is the religion that is best suited for the masses. Research indicates, that when communities feel comfortable about being able to worship they have a desire to live better lives, work harder , form interpersonal relationships and become productive in society. Many political leaders throughout the ages have made promises of wealth, religious freedom and equality for all however this has not been the case. Thomas (2002) writes â€Å"The failure of this modernizing mythology to produce what is promised, and the failure of the modernizing secular states it engendered, is evident in what is identified as â€Å"Political decay,† (Para. 5) It is a known fact that people do not trust the words of politicians anymore. This is the reason for the resurgence of Christianity in our communities. If there is no form of Christian beliefs to revive our culture and communities, we are going to suffer a long period of hardships, wars, and famine in our lands. The role of Christianity can help reshape the family structure to re include God in every our lives, educate our children and provide a sense of comfort to individuals that need comfort. It will force government to acknowledge how important Christianity is in establishing a good economy and providing human rights to its people. This is the one religion that can bring communities together and enable fellowship by the methods of salvation through Jesus Christ. Without this happening, the world would be without any laws or righteous government to run it. In other words, societies would be dead in the water.